Publication Number: CEC-500-2004-091
Publication Date: 06-2004
The executive summary, abstract and table of contents for this report are available below. This publication is available as an Adobe Acrobat Portable Document Format Files. In order to download, read and print PDF files, you will need a copy of the free Acrobat Reader software installed in and configured for your computer. The software can be downloaded from Adobe Systems Incorporated's website.
Executive Summary
Cumulative global wind energy production capacity reached 39,294 MW at the end of 2003. New wind power projects totaling 8,133 MW in capacity, were installed worldwide during 2003. This is an increase of 26 percent, according to estimates by the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) and the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Wind power projects power the equivalent of 9 million average American homes (19 million average European homes) worldwide [66]. In this document we address the following questions: 1. What are the issues associated with large-scale wind integration and what empirical data do we have from Europe, Japan and the US? 2. How do system characteristics in Europe differ from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) and the California Independent System Operator (CA ISO) systems? 3. How will wind generation affect the physical operations of the grid? There are areas now in Europe that are very highly penetrated with intermittent wind generation. These include the Northern German transmission system (E.ON Netz and VE) and Denmark. In these areas more than 70 percent wind penetration is common under low loading conditions. The table below shows the installed penetration levels for some major wind generation regions at the end of 2003
Table of Contents
Executive Summary .. 1
Experiences with Interconnecting Large-Scale Wind Power .. 4
Introduction.. 4
Large-Scale Wind Power Impacts on Transmission Network .. 5
Offshore Versus Onshore Wind Power Characteristics .. 6
Danish Wind Power Development .. 7
Wind Power Development.. 7
Maintaining Power and Energy Balance .. 9
Costs Associated with Network Upgrades .. 10
United Kingdom Wind Power Developments .. 10
Dutch Wind Power Developments .. 11
Wind Power Development.. 11
Program Responsible Party .. 12
Maintaining Power and Energy Balance .. 12
Impact on Network Upgrades and Reinforcements.. 13
Wind Power Forecasting .. 14
German Wind Power Developments.. 14
Wind Power Development.. 14
Maintaining Power and Energy Balance .. 15
Impact on Network Upgrades.. 16
Spain Wind Power Developments .. 16
Japanese Wind Power Developments .. 17
Wind Power Development.. 17
Maintaining Power and Energy Balance .. 17
Impact on Network Upgrades.. 19
USA Regional Wind Power Developments .. 20
System Characteristics: Europe Compared to WECC .. 21
Load Versus Generation Geography . 21
Excess Capacity and Ancillary Services .. 21
Interconnections and Congestion .. 22
Generation Mix and Size .. 23
Wind Regime Diversity .. 23
System Characteristics Conclusions.. 24
Windpower Impacts on Other Generation Plants.. 25
The California Independent System Operator System.. 25
Windpower Operating Reserve and Regulation Impacts .. 26
Windpower Impacts on Reliability and System Operations.. 27
Windpower Impact on System Generation Mix.. 28
Acronyms.. 30
References.. 31