Resource Guide:

Infrastructure for Alternative Fuel Vehicles

California Energy Commission
1516 Ninth Street
Sacramento, CA 95814

June 1995
Publication No.: P500-95-004

Note:
Copies of this report are available from the California Energy Commission's Publications Unit. Please send a check or money order for $4.00 - ask for publication number P500-05-004 - to:

California Energy Commission
Publications Unit
1516 Ninth Street, MS-13
Sacramento, CA 95814

Preface

The public's need for cleaner air resulted in legislation and regulation that promote the introduction of alternative fuel vehicles into California's marketplace. The California Energy Commission has developed this Resource Guide to inform local governments and fleet operators of the infrastructure needed to support alternative fuel vehicles. Through this effort, the California Energy Commission hopes to facilitate alternative fuel vehicle acquisition and consistent regulatory treatment of alternative fuel vehicle fueling and charging stations statewide. This guide was developed in response to a recommendation put forth in the California Energy Commission's Calfuels Plan: Developing an Infrastructure Plan for Alternative Fuel Vehicles (Commission Publication number P500-94- 002, available by calling 916-654-5200).

Acknowledgements

Nancy J. Deller, Deputy Director
-- Energy Technology Development Division

Chuck Mizutani, Office Manager
-- Technology Evaluation Office

Pat Perez, Supervisor
-- Technology Evaluation Office

Heather Raitt, Project Manager
-- Technology Evaluation Office

Bevilacqua - Knight Inc., Technical Support Contractor
-- Carol Newman, Contributing Author

Contributing Staff:
-- Kate Bickley, Technology Evaluation Office
-- Carrie Hilton, Technology Evaluation Office
-- Sue Patterson, Transportation Technologies and Fuels Office
-- Jonathan Teague, Transportation Technologies and Fuels Office
-- Sue de Witt, Transportation Technologies and Fuels Office



The following resources are provided as a public service by the California Energy Commission. The endorsement of any product, company or service is not intended. The California Energy Commission, its management and staff make no claims, implied or otherwise, about the information listed here. We apologize for any errors or omissions that may occur.

Table of Contents


Checklist

Below is a checklist of areas to understand and identify when working with alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure. The checklist is intended to assist purchasers of alternative fuel vehicles and regulators who approve alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure installations. Background information for each item is provided in the Resource Guide.


Legislative / Regulatory Requirements

About 75,000 alternative fuel vehicles are already in use in California, and their numbers are expected to grow in coming years. This activity is largely due to state and federal mandates requiring the deployment of alternative fuel vehicles:

1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA)

This revision of the Clean Air Act includes more stringent tailpipe emission standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks than had been required earlier. In addition, the CAAA require the use of reformulated gasoline and oxygenated gasolines in certain parts of the country, vehicle fueling emissions controls, new standards for heavy-duty vehicles and urban buses, and several alternative fuel vehicle programs.

Of particular importance to vehicle fleet operators is the CAAA's establishment of the Clean Fuel Fleet Program (CFFP). The CFFP applies to air quality non- attainment areas classified as serious, severe and extreme for ozone, and moderate and serious areas greater than 12.7 parts per million for carbon monoxide. This encompasses 22 cities in 19 states. Both private and government fleets of 10 or more vehicles that are capable of being centrally fueled are affected.

The CFFP requires fleet owners to purchase a prescribed percentage of clean fuel vehicles that meet lower emissions standards. The phase-in period of this program consists of a purchase rate for new and replacement vehicles of 30 percent beginning in model year 1998, 50 percent in model year 1999, and 70 percent in model year 2000 and thereafter for light-duty vehicles. These requirements can be met through new vehicle purchases, vehicle conversions, or credits. In order to comply at a minimum, the vehicles must meet the low-emission vehicle standard.

In addition to establishing the CFFP, the CAAA allowed California its own more stringent regulations and gave other states the option of adopting California's tailpipe emissions standards.

California's Low-Emission Vehicle and Clean Fuels Regulations

Provisions made in the Clean Air Act allowed California to adopt regulations that require auto manufacturers to produce low-emission vehicles. These regulations spurred the development of alternative fuel vehicles. In 1990, the California Air Resources Board adopted the California Low-Emission and Clean Fuels (LEV/CF) program that made automobile emission regulations more stringent than the national standards of the CAAA.

The LEV/CF regulations took effect in model year 1994 and become increasingly stringent through 2003. Relative to today's new vehicle exhaust emissions standards, the LEV/CF regulations lower non-methane organic gas emission standards for new vehicles by 40 percent in 1998 and by more than 75 percent in 2003. The clean burning characteristics of alternative fuels provide manufacturers with additional methods to meet these standards.

National Energy Policy Act of 1992

In 1992, President Bush signed into law the Department of Energy's National Energy Policy Act (EPACT), promoting the use of alternative fuels and energy sources. Fleets affected by EPACT are referred to as "covered fleets." As defined, a covered fleet is "a fleet that contains at least 20 motor vehicles that are centrally fueled or capable of being centrally fueled, and are used primarily within a metropolitan statistical area or a consolidated metropolitan statistical area, as established by the Bureau of Census, with a 1980 population of 250,000 or more."

EPACT requires many different types of fleets to begin buying alternative fuel vehicles. Primary targets are:

Initially, the heaviest burden falls on alternative fuel providers, which must ensure that 30 percent of new vehicles they purchase in 1996 are alternative fuel vehicles. That percentage increases incrementally to 90 percent in 1999 and beyond. Electricity providers will not have to comply until December 31, 1997 - a delay intended to buy time until electric vehicles become more readily available. Such providers must alert the Department of Energy of their plans before January 1, 1996.

In federal fleets, alternative fuel vehicles must equal 25 percent of new vehicles purchased in 1996, increasing to 75 percent in 1999 and beyond. In state fleets, alternative fuel vehicles must make up 10 percent of new vehicles purchased in 1996, increasing to 75 percent in 2000 and beyond.

Private and municipal fleets have received a temporary stay. EPACT charges the Department of Energy to implement requirements for these fleets only after evaluating the ability of other measures to displace petroleum in the transportation sector.

In 1993, President Clinton signed an Executive Order that increases by 50 percent through 1996 the number of required purchases of alternative fuel vehicles for use in federal fleets throughout the nation.

California Governor Pete Wilson issued an Executive Order that accelerates the state's purchase plans for alternative fuel vehicles and complements the LEV/CF regulations. Wilson's Executive Order mandates that 25 percent of the new vehicles purchased in 1996 for state fleets operate on alternative fuels, increasing to 75 percent in 1999 and beyond. In meeting this requirement, 10 percent of the vehicles purchased for state fleet use in 1996 and thereafter must be ultra-low emission vehicles and zero-emission vehicles. These mandates are subject to the availability of funding and the reasonableness of life-cycle costs.

For more information regarding alternative fuel vehicle legislation and regulations, contact:

California Air Resources Board
Public Information Office, (916) 322-2990

California Dept. Of Consumer Affairs
Bureau of Automotive Repair, (800) 952-5210

California Energy Commission
Transportation Technologies & Fuels Office, (916) 654-4634

U.S. Department of Energy
National Alternative Fuels Hotline
P.O. Box 12316
Arlington, VA 22209
(800) 423-1DOE

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Division of Regulatory Programs & Technology
Jeff Alson
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
(313) 668-4296

Vehicle Characteristics

Alternative fuel vehicles are produced by both original equipment manufacturers and companies that retrofit existing and new gasoline vehicles to run on alternative fuels. Generally, original equipment manufacturer vehicles have better performance (including lower emissions and improved durability) than retrofit vehicles, because original equipment manufacturer vehicles can be optimized with consideration for the special attributes of the alternative fuel.

Alternative fuel vehicles can be designed to operate on one fuel (a "dedicated" vehicle), two fuels stored separately (a "bifuel" vehicle), or a mix of two fuels (a "flexible-fuel" or "hybrid" vehicle). Conventional gasoline vehicles are considered dedicated vehicles.

Research and development of alternative fuel vehicles is largely focused on improving their competitiveness with conventional vehicles. Issues that continue to be addressed include vehicle cost, durability, service support, range, performance and safety.

For more information on alternative fuel vehicles, contact:

(Note: Additional contacts/names can be found a the end of each chapter of the document ABCs of AFVs, located in hypertext form here on the Energy Commission's Web Site.)

General Information

California Energy Commission
Transportation Technologies & Fuels Office
1516 Ninth Street, MS-41
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 654-4634

National Alternative Fuels Hotline
P.O. Box 12316
Arlington, VA 22209
(800) 423-1DOE


Electric Vehicles

Chrysler Corporation
A. Michel Clement
Manager, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Sales and Marketing
27777 Franklin Road, 19th Floor
Southfield, MI 48034
(810) 948-3644

Ford Motor Compan
John Wallace
23400 Michigan Avenue, Suite 230
Dearborn, MI 48124
(313) 390-5589

General Motors Corporation
Ray Buttacavolie
515 Marin Street, Suite 216
Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
(805) 373-8492

Solectria
Karl Thidemann
Director of Marketing
68 Industrial Way
Wilmington, MA 01887

Specialty Vehicle Manufacturing
Don Duffy, President
9250 Washburn Road
Downey, CA 90241
(310) 904-3434

U.S. Electricar
P.O. Box 6645
Santa Rosa, CA 95406
(707) 525-3227


Methanol/Ethanol Vehicles

Chrysler Corporation
A. Michel Clement
Manager, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Sales and Marketing
27777 Franklin Road, 19th Floor
Southfield, MI 48034
(810) 948-3644

Ford Division
Lou Ulrich
Fleet Sales Dept.
2099 South State College Blvd.
Suite 600
Anaheim, CA 92816
(714) 939-3562

Ford Division
Bill Boultes
Fleet Sales Dept.
P.O. Box 9048
Pleasanton, CA 94566
(510) 463-5791

General Motors Corp.
Gerald J. Barnes
Manager
Automotive Emissions Control
3044 West Grand Blvd.
Detroit, MI 48202
(313) 556-7723


Natural Gas Vehicles

Chrysler Corporation
A. Michel Clement
Manager, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Sales and Marketing
27777 Franklin Road, 19th Floor
Southfield, MI 48034
(810) 948-3644

Ford Division
Lou Ulrich
Fleet Sales Dept.
2099 South State College Blvd.
Suite 600
Anaheim, CA 92816
(714) 939-3562

Ford Division
Bill Boultes
Fleet Sales Dept.
P.O. Box 9048
Pleasanton, CA 94566
(510) 463-5791

General Motors Corp.
Gerald J. Barnes
Manager
Automotive Emissions Control
3044 West Grand Blvd.
Detroit, MI 48202
(313) 556-7723


LPG Vehicles

Propane Vehicle Council
Bob Myers
2102 Business Center Drive
Suite 130
Irvine, CA 92714
(714) 253-5757


Vehicle Incentives

Some alternative fuel vehicles currently cost more than conventional vehicles because of the limited number of vehicles manufactured and because of the additional components that must be added (such as storage cylinders or extra fuel tanks). This will most likely change as more alternative fuel vehicles are mass- produced. To offset the differential or incremental cost, various government agencies and a number of utilities offer tax credits or deductions and incentives to vehicle purchasers. In addition, a federal tax deduction of $100,000 for fueling facilities is expected as part of the Energy Policy Act regulations. (Please see the California Energy Commission's ABCs of AFVs: A Guide To Alternative Fuel Vehicles, publication #180-95-001, page 23 for specific descriptions of incentives offered for 1995 model year alternative fuel vehicles.)

For more information on alternative fuel vehicle incentive programs, contact:

California's State Low Emission Vehicle Tax Credits
California Energy Commission
Jennifer Allen
Low-Emission Vehicle Tax Credits
1516 Ninth Street, MS-41
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 653-0291

Federal Tax Credits or Deductions
Internal Revenue Service
(Contact your local office)

Local Programs - Contact your local utility and air district

Bay Area AQMD
Mark Kragen, (415) 749-4643
Michael Murphy, (415) 749-4644
939 Ellis Street
San Francisco, CA 94109

Great Basin Unified APCD
Ellen Hardebeck
157 Short Street, #6
Bishop, CA 93514
(619) 872-8211

Monterey Bay Unified APCD
Mark Miller
24580 Silver Cloud Ct.
Monterey, CA 93940
(408) 647-9411

North Coast Unified AQMD
2389 Myrtle Avenue
Eureka, CA 95501
(707) 443-3093

Northern Sierra AQMD
Rodney Hill
P.O. Box 2509
Grass Valley, CA 95945
(916) 274-9360

Sacramento Metropolitan AQMD
Deborah K. Maus
8475 Jackson Road, #200
Sacramento, CA 95826
(916) 386-6685

San Diego County APCD
Robert Goggins (619) 694-3332
Rosalind Smith (619) 694-3570
9150 Chesapeake Drive
San Diego, CA 92123

San Joaquin Valley Unified APCD
John Villeneuve
1999 Tuolumne Street
Fresno, CA 93721
(209) 497-1000

South Coast AQMD
Paul Wuebben
21865 E. Copley Drive
Diamond Bar, CA 91765
(909) 396-3240

Yolo-Solano AQMD
Ken Selover/Andy Nantz
1947 Galileo Court, Suite 103
Davis, CA 95616
(916) 757-3650

Electric Vehicles

Fuel Availability & Price

Through the use of load management and on-line system capacity, California's utilities can meet the increased demand for electricity needed to serve electric vehicles (EVs) without adding generation capacity. To meet EV demand, however, some upgrades are expected on the local distribution system.

The utilities plan to encourage off-peak charging through the deployment of time- of-use (TOU) rates that make it less expensive to charge EVs during off-peak periods (typically overnight) and more expensive to charge during peak hours. Using TOU rates will require installation of a separate meter for billing purposes. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) and the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) have already adopted TOU rates.

The investor-owned utilities have submitted proposed TOU rates to the California Public Utilities Commission for approval. In the summer time, the on-peak rates are seven to eight times more expensive than the off-peak rates. Further, the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) is proposing to offer TOU rate schedules for customers who elect to forego their access to charging during peak hours. The hours that define on- and off-peak time differ by utility, season and sector. On average, off- peak hours comprise about 33 percent of a day.

The electricity rates being proposed range from 4 to 6 cents (in 1995 dollars) per kilowatt/hour (kWh) for off-peak charging to more than 35 cents per kWh in peak periods. Electricity is expected to be the lowest cost transportation fuel on a cost-per- mile basis - as long as charging occurs predominantly during off-peak hours.

Charging Characteristics & Options

EVs are expected to be recharged primarily at private home base locations, such as residential or company garages. Even though EVs currently have limited driving ranges, the availability of public charging facilities for full or partial recharges away from the home base-referred to as "opportunity charging"-will help build consumer confidence and increase the use of EVs. Likely locations for opportunity charging include parking facilities at shopping centers, the workplace, park and ride lots, and airports. Fleet or commercial users may also need access to public charging facilities away from their home base. Page 11 lists existing charging stations by utility service area.

The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Working Council (IWC) worked to standardize energy levels for EV charging. Three levels of charging have been agreed upon:


Of the three charging levels established, Level 2, a 240-volt/40-amp circuit, is expected to be the consumers' preference at both private and public facilities. Operating at a rate up to five times faster than Level 1, Level 2 will meet the typical driver's daily needs in three to five hours of charging - at home, work or public charging facilities. Level 3 is not expected to become the preferred recharging system due to concerns that it may occur during the peak hours for electricity use. This could cause costly distribution upgrades and possible electricity capacity problems. Charging during peak hours will be discouraged through pricing mechanisms. (See Fuel Availability & Price section.)

The voltage required for charging EV batteries does, however, depend on the battery type. Consult the vehicle's manufacturer for this information.

The EV industry is developing two different kinds of systems to charge vehicles. One system, conductive charging, uses standard plug technology. The other, inductive charging, allows AC power to pass magnetically from the power source to the vehicle.

EV Charging Locations in California

(As of December 1994) 
		# of Charging Outlets		# of Charging Stations

Utility		Public	Private	Total		Public	Private	Total
Burbank		2	0	2		1	0	1
Glendale	0	4	4		0	1	1
LADWP		36	82	118		8	24	32
PG&E		3	11	14		2	3	5
Riverside	4	0	4		1	0	1
SCE		25	34	59		2	31	33
SDG&E		0	1	1		0	1	1
SMUD		96	62	158		20	19	39

Total		166	194	360		34	79	113


Locations of Electric Vehicles Public Charging Facilities


(as of February 4, 1995)

Northern California

Lafayette

Lafayette BART Station
1 - Hughes Inductive


Sacramento

Bel Air Market
7465 Rush River Dr.
4 - west side of store front

Bel Air Market
5100 Laguna Blvd.
4 - east side of store front

Capitol Power Federal Credit Union
6341 Folsom Blvd.
1 - east side of bldg.

Plaza Park Tower Garage
9th & J Streets
3 - on first floor
2 - on second floor

Raley's Supermarket
10385 Folsom Blvd.
4 - east side of store

Raley's Supermarket
7847 Lichen Drive
4 - west side of store

Sacramento City Garage
11th & I Streets
5 - on second floor

Sacramento City Garage
13th & I Streets
5 - on ground floor

Sacramento Co. Garage
7th & H Streets
5 - on ground level

SMUD Building
6507 4th Street
1 - southside of bldg.

SMUD Building
6701 4th Street
1 - southeast corner of building
6201 S Street
10 - on west side

Sacramento Metropolitan Airport
Long Term Parking
5 - near toll gate
1 - 480 volt for EV Shuttle Bus

Sacramento Metro AQMD
8475 Jackson Rd.
2 - north side of bldg.

Sacramento Natural Foods Coop
1900 Alhambra Bl.
1 - near SW corner

Sacramento Public Parking Garage
1325 J Street
3 - near gate

Sacramento City Public Parking Garage
10th & L Streets
2 - 2nd level

Sacto Regional Transit
Light Rail Station
Butterfield Station
15 - next to platform

Sacto Regional Transit
Light Rail Station
Manlove Station
16 - east side of lot

Wells Fargo Building
500 Capitol Mall
3 - on first deck

San Ramon

PG&E R&D Office
3400 Crow Canyon Rd.
1 - outlet
1 - Hughes Inductive


Southern California


Burbank

CALSTART Facility
3601 Empire Ave.
1 - near entrance

Chatsworth

Chatsworth Metrolink Station
(MTA and DOT)
21510 Devonshire St.
2 - in parking lot

Diamond Bar

South Coast AQMD
21865 E. Copley Dr.
17 - in parking lot

Hollywood

Cherokee Electric
Parking Garage
1710 N. Cherokee Ave.
5 - in garage

Los Angeles

Graham & James Bldg.
801 S. Figueroa
6 - in parking structure

L.A. Convention Center
1201 S. Figueroa St.
4 - in parking structure

LADWP General Ofc. Bldg.
111 N. Hope St.
12 - in parking area
1 - Hughes Inductive

Riverside

Riverside City Hall
3900 Main St.
4 - in parking garage

Rosemead

SCE Facility
2244 Walnut Grove Ave.
16 - in parking lot

Sun Valley

LADWP Ð Truesdale Cntr.
11797 Trusedale St.
2 - in parking lot

Sylmar

Sylmar Metrolink Station
(MTA)
12219 N. 1st Street
2 - in parking lot

West Los Angeles

LADWP Ð West L.A.
District Office
1394 S. Sepulveda Bl.
2 - on pedestals



Note: No payment or fees are currently being collected
for charging electric vehicles at public EV charging locations.



Building, Fire & Electrical Codes

EV charging facilities must meet existing electrical, fire and building codes. The IWC is working to revise national codes to adequately address the safety needs of EV charging sites without creating overly burdensome restrictions that would unduly increase installation costs.

The IWC will continue to provide technical support to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) through June 1995 for the 1996 edition of NFPA 70: National Electrical Code (NEC)®. Suggested revisions include:

New Article 625 - Electric Vehicle Charging System Equipment
The intent of this proposed Article for EV charging is to provide necessary safety requirements for EV charging in one convenient location within the 1996 NEC®. In addition to covering the requirements for non-hazardous (non- classified) locations, the proposed new Article cross-references Articles 500 through 516 for their requirements when EV charging occurs in a hazardous (classified) location.

Revision of Section 511-9 - Commercial Garages - EV Charging
These revisions delete general requirements that apply equally to non-hazardous and hazardous locations and cross-reference the general requirements of the proposed new Article 625.

Revision of Table 400-4 - Flexible Cords and Cables
Proposed revisions to this table require new cable types specific to EV charging. These cable types are specifically designed to address the requirements encountered in automotive applications and environments (temperature, chemical exposure, UV, handling, etc.).

The IWC is also working with Underwriters Laboratories to assess methods for personnel protection against electric shock at higher than 150 volts-to-ground, at frequencies other than 60 Hz, and for all DC systems. The project is the first step toward affordable, reliable ground fault personnel protection for Level 3 and some Level 2 charging rates.

To modify the model building codes, the IWC is compiling the technical data needed. Key issues include elimination of hazards or hazardous situations during charging, necessary ventilation requirements, and the definition of EV "fueling."

The IWC recently published Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, a summary report of the recommendations on the basic design considerations for safely and conveniently connecting an EV to an electric power supply network. The executive summary (TR- 104623-V1) and the full report (TR-104623-V2) can be obtained through the Electric Power Research Institute's distribution center (510-934-4212) for a nominal fee. In addition, the Electric Transportation Coalition is currently drafting a manual on the installation and maintenance of EV charging stations. The manual is expected by autumn 1995 and will be available to local governments and utilities.

The Uniform Code serves as the model building code for California, but revising the model codes is a lengthy process which occurs over a four year cycle. In an effort to have EV-ready codes in place prior to 1998, California has initiated its own building code amendment project consistent with IWC efforts. This effort is moving forward in two phases. Initial amendments to California Title 24 of the Health and Safety Building Codes are expected to be adopted in 1995 through an emergency code change process. The second phase is expected to be complete in 1997 and will use the regular rule making process to establish more comprehensive and thorough building codes, again developed in coordination with IWC.

Local jurisdictions have authority over the enforcement of codes and can apply and amend the state codes to fit local conditions. For information on codes that apply to a specific EV charging station installation, local building and electrical code officials or the Office of the State Fire Marshal should be contacted.

LADWP and SMUD are taking active roles to make cities such as Los Angeles, West Hollywood and Sacramento EV-ready, through such actions as setting goals for providing EV charging ports at parking facilities and developing local building code requirements. Southern California Edison Company (SCE), San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E), and PG&E have plans for EV infrastructure that continue to await California Public Utilities Commission approval.

Health & Safety Considerations

The EV Industry is addressing a number of safety issues to ensure consumer safety. As with conventional vehicles, EVs should have full Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards certification (or meet all of the safety standards of conventional vehicles). Batteries will usually be enclosed and away from the passenger compartment of the vehicle to address concerns about the possible presence of flammable, toxic or corrosive materials. There is also a chance of acid leakage with flooded lead-acid batteries. Acid damage can be avoided by periodically checking batteries for leakage. Original equipment manufactured EVs are expected to use advanced lead-acid batteries or newer batteries such as nickel metal hydride. Advanced lead-acid batteries use a paste or gel rather than a liquid acid, and are sealed, further making them less likely to spill.

Education about electrical dangers during charging and training of personnel in commercial repair garages and service centers is also being addressed.

Hydrogen, a non-toxic but explosive gas, is emitted from some types of batteries during charging. Since hydrogen is lighter than air, it will dissipate rapidly if charging takes place outside or in well-ventilated garages. EV building codes will ensure adequate ventilation. No lit cigarettes, open flames or sparks should be present in areas of charging batteries that emit gas.

Emergency Response Training for Local Officials

Ford, General Motors and Chrysler have jointly developed a video to inform fire rescue personnel of the safety precautions to be aware of when dealing with an EV. To the extent that small manufacturers develop vehicles, they will also need to keep fire officials informed regarding the attributes of their vehicles.

The California Energy Commission is working with the California State Fire Marshal, the utility companies, and other state agencies to develop a training program for emergency response personnel. The program will institutionalize training for firefighters and other emergency personnel on procedures for safely handling an EV in an emergency situation. Initiating training early on is necessary to prepare for the widespread introduction of EVs, but further vehicle standardization is needed to enhance safety and standardize response procedures. Examples of vehicle standardization that still need to be developed include establishing a uniform power shut-off system and location and creating a mechanism to clearly identify the battery type. As the market develops and EV safety features become standardized, continued efforts will be needed to train emergency personnel.

Availability of Technician Training

The California Energy Commission expects that any vehicle to be sold by a major original equipment manufacturer will be fully backed by the manufacturer. The auto companies will train technicians as part of their normal operations and maintain adequate parts inventory and service locations to fully support the vehicles in the marketplace. This support includes warranties comparable to those for conventional vehicles. Many junior colleges and private training organizations are expanding their curriculum to include training for alternative fuel vehicle technologies. For example, the College of the Desert, a California community college, is adding EV mechanic training to its curriculum.

EV Contacts

Please also see EV Contacts List

For more information on electricity availability and pricing and EV charging facilities, contact:

Electric Power Research Institute
Barbara Kline
P.O. Box 10412
Palo Alto, CA 94303
(415) 855-2413

Electric Power Research Institute
Gary Purcell (charging facilities)
P.O. Box 10412
Palo Alto, CA 94303
(415) 855-2168

Edison Electric Institute
701 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20004-2696
(202) 508-5650

Alameda Bureau of Electricity
2000 Grand Street
Alameda, CA 94501
(510) 748-3901

LADWP
Electric Transportation Hotline
P.O. Box 111
Los Angeles, CA 90051
(800) 552-2334

PG&E
Rob Kahn
123 Mission Street, MS H28C
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 973-7081
(mailing address)
P.O. Box 770000
MS H28C
San Francisco, CA 94177

SMUD
Steve Revenaugh
P.O. Box 15830, MS 30A
Sacramento, CA 95813
(916) 732-5283

SDG&E
Howard Levin
8306 Century Park Court
San Diego, CA 92123
(619) 654-1111

SCE
Melanie Savage
2244 Walnut Grove Ave.
Rosemead, CA 91770
(818) 302-7948

For more information regarding EV code issues, contact:

California Energy Commission
Mark Rawson
Transportation Technology & Fuels
1516 Ninth Street, MS-41
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 654-4641

Los Angeles & West Hollywood EV Plans
LADWP
Christy Zidonis
111 N. Hope Street, Room 1129
Los Angeles, CA 90012-2694
(213) 367-0292

Electric Transportation Coalition EV Guide (expected Fall 1995)
Electric Transportation Coalition
Gail Hendrickson
701 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
4th Floor, East Building
Washington, DC 20004
(202) 508-5995

Sacramento EV Plans
SMUD
Lois Wright
P.O. Box 15830 - MS 30A
Sacramento, CA 95852-1830
(916) 732-6143

Code-Related Questions
State Building Standards Commission
428 J Street, Suite 450
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 323-6363

Infrastructure Working Council
PG&E
Roland Risser
P.O. Box 770000
MB 28C
San Francisco, CA 94177
(415) 973-8437

Local Fire Codes
Office of the State Fire Marshal
B. J. Foster
7171 Bowling Drive, Suite 600
Sacramento, CA 95823
(916) 262-1936

NEC®
National Fire Protection Association
Mark Farley
1 Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
(800) 344-3555

For more information regarding EV health and safety issues, contact:

Electric Power Research Institute
Gary Purcell
P.O. Box 10412
Palo Alto, CA 94303
(415) 855-2168

Infrastructure Working Council
John Olsen
Detroit Edison
(313) 237-8912

If an emergency occurs dial 9-1-1.

For more information regarding EV emergency response programs, contact:

California Energy Commission
Rafael Valentin
Transportation Technologies & Fuels
1516 Ninth Street, MS-41
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 657-1002

Ford Motor Company
John Wallace
23400 Michigan Avenue, Ste. 230
Dearborn, MI 48124
(313) 390-5589

General Motors
Ray Buttacavoli
515 Marin Street, Suite 216
Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
(805) 373-8492

For more information regarding EV technician training, contact:

York Technical College
Edward Duffy
452 South Anderson Road
Rock Hill, SC 29730
(803) 327-8012

Northwestern College
Greg Stolly
1441 N. Cable Road
Lima, OH 45805
(419) 227-3141

College of the Desert
Colin Messer
43-500 Monterey Avenue
Palm Desert, CA 92260-2499
(619) 346-8041

Alcohol Fuels -- Ethanol and Methanol

Fuel Availability & Price

The current production of methanol in California is limited. The majority of fuel- grade methanol used in the state comes from sources in Canada, Colorado, and the U.S. Gulf Coast. California has already experienced recent supply problems to meet the demand by its demonstration fleet at prices that are competitive with gasoline. Recent instability in the price of methanol for vehicle applications within California indicates that the price of methanol may be a concern in the future. To meet its growing demand for methanol, the U.S. will need to increase its production of methanol and the volume of imports from foreign producers.

The cost of M85 (a fuel containing 85 percent methanol and 15 percent unleaded gasoline) increased over the last half of 1994 and into 1995 because of unforeseen occurrences in the methanol industry and the demand for methanol as a feedstock for the reformulated gasoline additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE).

In California, methanol and ethanol are taxed based on energy content compared to gasoline. The price of a gallon of wholesale methanol from the California Fuel Methanol Reserve has been 67 cents since December 1994. It was selling, however, for as much as $2.10 a gallon on the world spot market in late 1994. (Please see the California Energy Commission's ABCs of AFVs: A Guide To Alternative Fuel Vehicles, publication #180-95-001, pages 41-42 for more on methanol price fluctuations and projections.) Negotiations are currently underway to stabilize transportation methanol at a price linked to wholesale gasoline.

Ethanol tends to be consumed as a fuel near the point of production because of the high cost of transporting the fuel. Currently, production and demand for ethanol is highest in the midwest. As a result, the availability and demand for the fuel in California is minimal.

Production of ethanol is more costly on a per gallon basis than some other alternative fuels, although government subsidies of about 54 cents per gallon (blender's credit) have kept prices comparatively low. According to trade publications, the December 1994 price for wholesale ethanol (E100) was about $1.03 to $1.30 per gallon. Prices remain high because of the demand for alcohol as feedstock for oxygenates in reformulated gasoline.

Fueling Characteristics & Options

The California Energy Commission, working with other governmental agencies, air quality management districts and fuel retailers, continues to develop and expand the public methanol fueling station network. At present, some 54 retail stations throughout the state provide M85 along with gasoline and diesel fuel. A listing of these stations is shown below. Additional stations would be added as the number of vehicles needing M85 increases. As soon as 20,000 certified flexible-fueled vehicles are on the road, a California Air Resources Board regulation will require oil companies to phase in a number of M85 fueling facilities determined by the number of vehicles and volume of fuel they consume. The stations are divided by market share between the oil companies.

At some fueling stations, M85 dispensers are available on the same islands with conventional petroleum fuels, and at other stations the M85 dispensers are situated away from the main island. Fueling with methanol is comparable to fueling with gasoline and takes about the same amount of time. The nozzle for fueling with methanol is identical to the gasoline nozzle. To prevent misfueling, special "lock- out" procedures are programmed into the electronic point-of-sale methanol dispensers. A special M85 fuel card is used to purchase the fuel and prevent misfueling. To apply for the M85 Fuel Card, call Chevron U.S.A. Card Services at (800) 554-1376. Chevron is under contract with the State of California to manage the M85 Fuel Card program.

Because the fuel is corrosive to rubber, some metals and certain plastics, special methanol-compatible storage facilities, tanks, hoses, pumps and parts are needed. It is estimated that more than 800 tanks at service stations in California are methanol- compatible.

Private fleets may put in their own methanol fueling facility, and the Commission offers help with design plans and equipment specifications. The Commission is currently drafting a manual on the installation and maintenance of methanol fueling stations to assist facility operators in installing and maintaining safe, environmentally sound systems that will preserve M85 purity. If a below-ground tank is already methanol-compatible, the cost for installing the equipment is substantially less.

The nation's first E85 (85 percent ethanol, 15 percent gasoline) fueling station opened in La Habra, Orange County, California in the spring of 1990. It is operated by the California Renewable Fuels Council, which is supporting ethanol research and demonstration programs in California. As a liquid fuel, ethanol is dispensed like methanol and gasoline. A card lock-out system can be used to prevent misfueling gasoline vehicles with ethanol.

Methanol Fueling Locations

Current as of July 1, 1995

Northern California

Davis
ARCO
705 Russell Blvd.

Fairfield
Chevron
2990 Travis Blvd.

Fresno
Chevron
4161 East Ventura Ave.

Texaco
3808 No. Blackstone Ave.

Oakland
Chevron
451 Hegenberger Road

Richmond
Exxon
12678 San Pablo Ave.

Roseville
Exxon
1000 Douglas Blvd.

Sacramento
ARCO
2225 16th Street

Chevron
3001 Zinfandel Drive
(Rancho Cordova)

Exxon
3430 Northgate Blvd.

Shell
8607 Elk Grove Blvd.
(Elk Grove)

Shell
730 29th Street

Shell
8090 Folsom Blvd.

Ultramar
4250 Madison Avenue
(North Highlands)

San Francisco
Shell
3035 Geary Street

San Jose
Exxon
890 Coleman Avenue

Santa Cruz
Chevron
404 Soquel Ave.

Santa Nella
Chevron
12801 Highway 33, South

Stockton
Chevron
2905 West Benjamin Holt

Sunnyvale
Exxon
696 El Camino Real



Southern California

Anaheim
Chevron
1801 South Harbor Blvd.

Bakersfield
ARCO
4100 California Ave.

Barstow
ARCO
1251 East Main Street

Coachella
ARCO
48-055 Grapefruit Blvd.

Culver City
ARCO
5884 Washington Blvd.

Shell
3801 No. Sepulveda Blvd.

Diamond Bar
Chevron
150 So. Diamond Bar Blvd.

Glendale
ARCO
3941 San Fernando Blvd.

Huntington Beach
Shell
19002 Magnolia St.

Kettleman City
Ultramar (Beacon)
33190 Hubert Way

Long Beach
ARCO
1785 Bellflower Blvd.

Los Angeles
ARCO
3675 Wilshire Blvd.

Shell
5657 Sunset Blvd.

Norwalk
Texaco
10710 Alondra Blvd.

Northridge
Shell
17000 Roscoe Blvd.

Ontario
ARCO
2430 South Euclid Ave.

Paramount
Shell
7512 Alondra Blvd.

Pasadena
Mobil
392 No. Lake Ave.

Riverside
Mobil
1147 University Avenue

San Bernardino
Shell
1973 Tippecanoe Ave.

San Diego
ARCO
3205 University Ave.

Chevron
1221 11th Ave.

San Juan Capistrano
Shell
26571 Junipero Serra Rd.

Santa Ana
ARCO
3414 Main Street

Santa Fe Springs
Chevron
11426 East Telegraph Rd.

Santa Monica
Chevron
1732 Lincoln Blvd.

Simi Valley
ARCO
25 West Tierra Rejada Rd.

Thousand Oaks
GTE Corporation
112 Lakeview Canyon Road

Upland
Mobil
411 South Mountain Ave.

Valencia
Shell
24301 Valencia Blvd.

Ventura
ARCO
605 South Mills Road

Woodland Hills
Mobil
20101 Ventura Blvd.

Building, Fire & Electrical Codes

 Existing building and fire codes have included specific regulations governing the storage, handling and dispensing of flammable liquids, including fuels. Alcohol fuels (methanol and ethanol) are covered by these regulations and the governing codes do not appear to be a barrier to developing a fueling infrastructure.

Permit reviews and approvals by local planning departments, air quality management districts, and fire protection and public works departments are critical elements in the station siting process. In general, because alcohol fuels are treated like petroleum-based fuels, this process should go relatively smoothly.

In some cases, siting permit approvals are made contingent upon unrelated requirements, such as for landscaping and paving improvements, that can add greatly to the cost of establishing a new station. Such added costs can be a problem for all fuels and facilities.

Some limited revisions to standard engineering and construction practices at fueling stations are required to accommodate characteristics such as the high solvency and corrosion potential of methanol and (to a lesser degree) ethanol fuels. The methanol industry and the original equipment manufacturers are the most likely parties for obtaining revisions to engineering and materials standards. The Canadian Oxygenated Fuels Association, fuel retailers such as Mohawk Norwood, and the Ford Motor Company, have established their own equipment specifications for methanol fueling stations.

Methanol and ethanol storage tanks are subject to somewhat different regulatory treatment than gasoline tanks. The regulations do require that methanol be stored underground in double walled tanks, whereas gasoline storage is allowed in single walled tanks equipped with leak detection equipment and other safety features.

For ethanol, above ground storage tanks need to be identified with a placard showing the contents as "CDA-20, Fuel Grade Ethanol-Poison." Fill lids of underground storage tanks should be identified with color coding such as yellow, white with black diagonal lines or yellow with a black cross in order to prevent misfueling of bulk storage tanks. Fill lids for methanol underground storage tanks should be blue color coded and have a standard methanol logo to prevent misfueling. All product lines should be dedicated to ethanol and identified by the proper color coding.

According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the electrical specifications for methanol and ethanol are the same as those for gasoline. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code and ANSI/NFPA 30A: Automotive and Marine Service Station Code cover this issue. Gasoline, methanol and ethanol fueling facilities are required to have explosion-proof electrical dispensing equipment.

Health & Safety Considerations

The same precautions used with gasoline must be taken when using M85. Like gasoline, M85 should not be ingested as it can be fatal, and persons should not attempt to siphon methanol from a tank. If M85 is splashed on the skin, it should be washed off immediately. Clothes should be changed and laundered as soon as possible if M85 is spilled on them. Drivers should avoid breathing the fumes or getting methanol on the skin.

Although methanol has been safely used on a commercial basis with roughly 2.5 million gallons sold yearly through the retail network and 10 million gallons sold to bulk users, regulators and consumers should be aware of the potential health impacts from acute exposure to methanol. The symptoms from exposure may occur in three stages:

  1. Headache, giddiness, nausea, gastric pain, coldness or muscle weakness
  2. A period of 10 to 15 hours when no symptoms are felt
  3. Visual and central nervous system effects such as failing eyesight, nausea, dizziness, headache and respiratory distress

Methanol does not accumulate in the body with repeated low exposures and is not carcinogenic. M85, because it contains gasoline, which has known and suspected carcinogens, would be considered carcinogenic.

Methanol, like gasoline, is much more flammable than diesel fuel. Keep all ignition sources away from methanol fuel. Do not strike matches, light cigarettes, operate welding or cutting tools, use tools that generate sparks, or operate electrical equipment that is not approved for use near flammable liquids.

Putting an alcohol-gasoline mix in a conventional storage tank can cause the tank to leak. Alcohol fuels should be stored in methanol compatible tanks to protect fuel quality and prevent tank leakage.

Ethanol is a flammable liquid that should be handled with the same safety precautions as gasoline. Avoid sparks and flames.

Steps to be taken in case ethanol is released or spilled include eliminating all sources of ignition, flushing small spills with large quantities of water, and collecting large spills for waste disposal. If ethanol contacts the body or face, flush with water.

Carcinogenic compounds are not present in pure ethanol. However, since gasoline does contain carcinogenic compounds, E85 would be considered carcinogenic. Ethanol should be dispensed in a well-ventilated area. Avoid breathing vapors which can cause headache, dizziness and nausea.

Emergency Response Training for Local Officials

Training of safety personnel on the appropriate procedures to use in fighting methanol fires and responding to fuel spills is important for public safety, as it is for all alternative fuels. Alcohol-resistant foams are needed to quickly and effectively control large alcohol fires. Properly trained safety personnel will be able to effectively use the well-known techniques and materials for fire suppression and clean-up, including the use of alcohol-resistant foams and dispersal and dilution techniques. Also essential is training on distinguishing an alcohol-fueled fire.

The low daytime flame luminosity for pure fuel methanol (M100 or 100 percent methanol) has prompted concerns about injuries from an "invisible" flame. This issue has been successfully resolved by the use of M85.

The following methods may be used to extinguish methanol fires. They are presented in their order of preference. Extinguishers are appropriate for small fires. Larger fires require notification of the fire department.

Spilled methanol will form flammable vapors. Like gasoline vapors, methanol vapors may travel to an ignition source or may accumulate in low spots. Methanol spills should be cleaned up using authorized spill control procedures.

Alcohol and gasoline/ethanol blend transportation and storage have raised many questions from fire marshals and fire departments. One very real problem is the inability of fire fighters to distinguish between a gasoline and a gasoline/ethanol emergency. Blends smell only slightly different from gasoline, and currently, there is no requirement to label the two products differently. Blend fires will take longer to bring under control than gasoline emergencies. A foam blanket will not form or flow during initial application because of the effects of the alcohol on the foam.

Unlike methanol, ethanol burns with a luminous flame. With respect to flammability, ethanol is somewhat less flammable than methanol, but it can be explosive in a tank vapor space. It has a slightly lower ignition temperature than does methanol.

In the case of a gasohol spill fire, a BC extinguisher can be used.

In the case of a gasohol tank fire, an "alcohol type" foam or Light Water AFFF can be used. For subsurface application, "alcohol type" foam is the preferred agent.

In the case of an alcohol spill fire, thin (less than one inch) spills can be controlled and extinguished by dilution with water. They can be more quickly controlled with "alcohol type" foams or dry chemical BC application. Other foams are rapidly broken down by the alcohol and the net fire control effect is primarily by dilution, not smothering.

In the case of an alcohol tank fire, "alcohol type" foams are the only effective agents.

Availability of Technician Training

Because vehicles using alcohol fuels require alcohol-compatible fuel-system components, all service personnel (including mechanics and parts dealers) must be trained in using appropriate parts. Service personnel must also be taught proper procedures for servicing and repairing vehicles and for handling alcohol fuels. Original equipment manufacturers can be expected to use their own training and skills development programs for mechanics to ensure the dealer mechanics are properly trained. Instituting a certification program for independent mechanics, such as those provided through Automotive Service Excellence, would be an effective means of promoting training for people who service alcohol-fuel vehicles. Many junior colleges and private training organizations are expanding their curriculum to include training for alternative fuel vehicle technologies.

Contacts for Methanol and Ethanol

For more information on methanol availability and pricing, contact:

American Methanol Institute
Ray Lewis
800 Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste 620
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 467-5050

California Energy Commission
Peter Ward
Transportation Technology & Fuels
1516 Ninth Street, MS-41
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 654-4639 For more information on ethanol availability and pricing, contact:

Biofuels America
Jeff Beller or Julia Delain
26 Lorin Dee Drive
Westerlo, NY 12193-9801
(518) 797-3377
Inquiries will be responded to via Internet, the e-mail address is:
biofuels@globalone.net

Renewable Fuels Association
Eric Vaughn
One Massachusetts Ave., NW, Suite 820
Washington, DC 20001
(202) 289-3835

For more information on methanol fueling, contact:

American Methanol Institute
Ray Lewis
800 Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 620
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 467-5050

California Energy Commission
Peter Ward
Transportation Technology & Fuels
1516 Ninth Street, MS-41
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 654-4639

For more information on ethanol fueling, contact:

California Renewable Fuels Council
Cindy Hasenjager
3304 Yorba Linda Blvd., Suite 249
Fullerton, CA 92631
(714) 996-6540

Renewable Fuels Association
Eric Vaughn
1 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Suite 820
Washington, DC 20001
(202) 289-3835

For more information regarding alcohol fuel code issues, contact:

Local Fire Codes
Office of the State Fire Marshal
B. J. Foster
7171 Bowling Drive, Suite 600
Sacramento, CA 95823
(916) 262-1936

Code-Related Questions
State Building Standards Commission
428 J Street, Suite 450
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 323-6363

National Fire Protection Association
Ted Lemoss
1 Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
(800) 344-3555

Canadian Oxygenated Fuels Association
Michael McNeil
190 Bronson Avenue
Ottawa, Canada K1R 6H4
(613) 232-9729

For more information regarding methanol health and safety issues, contact:

American Methanol Institute
Ray Lewis
800 Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 620
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 467-5050

California Energy Commission
Peter Ward
Transportation Technology & Fuels
1516 Ninth Street, MS-41
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 654-4639

For more information regarding ethanol health and safety issues, contact:

Renewable Fuels Association
Eric Vaughn
1 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Ste 820
Washington, DC 20001
(202) 289-3835

Archer Daniels Midland
Carl Reeder
(800) 553-8411

California Renewable Fuels Council
Cindy Hasenjager
3304 Yorba Linda Blvd., Suite 249
Fullerton, CA 92631
(714) 996-6540

If an emergency occurs dial 9-1-1.

For more information regarding methanol emergency response programs, contact:

American Methanol Institute
Ray Lewis
800 Connecticut Ave, NW, Ste. 620
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 467-5050

If an emergency occurs dial 9-1-1.

For more information regarding ethanol emergency response programs, contact:

Renewable Fuels Association
Eric Vaughn
1 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 820
Washington, DC 20001
(202) 289-3835

California Renewable Fuels Council
Cindy Hasenjager
3304 Yorba Linda Blvd., Suite 249
Fullerton, CA 92631
(714) 996-6540

For more information regarding alcohol fuel vehicle technician training, contact:

Northwestern College
Greg Stolly
1441 N. Cable Road
Lima, OH 45805
(419) 227-3141

Liquified Petroleum Gas -- LPG

Fuel Availability & Price

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), better known as propane, is distributed throughout the state for use primarily as a home heating and cooking fuel. This fuel has the unique ability to be stored, distributed and handled as a liquid while typically being used in a vaporous state. The American Petroleum Institute reports that approximately 10 percent of the propane sold in California is to transportation markets - some 65 million gallons annually. The growth of transportation uses of propane is expected to result in the expansion of the existing storage and distribution infrastructure. The industry anticipates that adequate supplies of propane at competitive prices will be available to meet this growth in transportation fuel demand.

LPG transportation fuel is generally competitively priced relative to gasoline (80 to 95 cents per gallon, amounting to a gasoline equivalent price of $1.10 to $1.31 per gallon), but a wider variation in price can be experienced depending upon the pricing practices of the local station operator. Most fleet purchasers of propane are able to negotiate better pricing from the LPG supplier, sometimes as low as 60 cents per gallon. Propane transportation fuel (unlike compressed natural gas and electricity) is subject to taxes - 8.3 cents per gallon federal excise tax, 6 cents per gallon state excise tax, and state sales taxes on the bulk purchase of the fuel.

Fueling Characteristics & Options

LPG vehicle fueling stations can be operated directly by LPG supply companies, while many more are operated by traditional gasoline station owners. Most propane users have received training from a propane supplier to self-fuel their vehicles with the procedure generally controlled via a cardlock system. Propane dispensing is as fast as gasoline dispensing because the fuel is handled in a liquid state. Typical pumping time for a vehicle with a 60-gallon tank is three to five minutes. Propane refueling equipment looks similar to other liquid fuel systems and is fully compatible with cardlock fueling systems.

Most refueling systems employ 500 to 1,000 gallon storage tanks, but storage of up to 30,000 gallons is not uncommon. LPG is typically stored in above-ground tanks, but the industry is beginning to use underground tanks. Choice of storage capacity is influenced by local zoning ordinances and codes, with smaller capacity tanks being used in more congested commercial areas and larger tanks being used in less congested industrial sites. Most refueling systems employ 500 to 1,000 gallon storage tanks, but storage of up to 30,000 gallons is not uncommon. LPG is typically stored in above-ground tanks, but the industry is beginning to use underground tanks. Choice of storage capacity is influenced by local zoning ordinances and codes, with smaller capacity tanks being used in more congested commercial areas and larger tanks being used in less congested industrial sites.

The California Propane Refilling Directory published by the Western Propane Gas Association lists 700 transportation retail outlets throughout California. A copy of this directory can be obtained by contacting the Western Propane Gas Association.

Building, Fire & Electrical Codes

Standards for LPG installations were first introduced in the 1930s. Since that time, standards and codes covering such facilities have been refined to increase safety and to reflect advances in the technology. The American Society for Testing and Materials, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), and the California Department of Transportation standards require tanks designed for transportation use be equipped with stop-fill devices and over-pressure relief valves. Fueling systems are not required to have a fire protection system, but a fire extinguisher must be located within 10 feet, and an emergency shut-off switch within a zone of 25 to 75 feet from the dispenser.

The NFPA publishes a model code known as Pamphlet #58 that has been adopted by all but three states in the United States. It is the basis of standards for the Uniform Fire Code and is updated on a three-year cycle. Until recently, the California Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Pressure Vessel Unit, was a holdout from enforcing NFPA 58, preferring instead to enforce the outmoded Title 8 of the California Administrative Code. Recent legislation adopted by the State of California has caused the Department of Occupational Safety and Health to accept the use of NFPA 58, and it is developing minor additions to that code in preparation for its use. In addition, NFPA 58 has won the endorsement of the California Public Utilities Commission Pipeline Safety Office, the California Highway Patrol, and the State Fire Marshal's Office. The California Building Standards Commission has scheduled hearings for Summer 1995 in order to officially adopt NFPA 58 into the state building code.

NFPA 58 is the most complete code of its kind detailing all facets and safety requirements for the installation of propane systems for refueling and installation of equipment on vehicles.

Health & Safety Considerations

LPG is a non-toxic gas. High LPG concentrations reduce oxygen levels that may cause asphyxiation, with early symptoms of dizziness. No harmful long-term effects have been reported from exposure to propane vapors. An odorant added to LPG generally enables its detection at concentrations that are below the lower flammability limit and much below the concentrations needed for asphyxiation.

LPG is not a cryogen and liquid temperatures of the fuel at tank pressure remain at ambient levels. However, the rapid evaporation of the fuel at atmospheric pressures can, if spilled, cause damage to skin. To avoid direct propane contact to the skin, it is recommended that gloves be used during the refueling process.

Propane has a narrow range of flammability compared to the other transportation fuels. The fuel will only burn within a fuel-to-air ration between 2.2 percent and 9.6 percent. Propane will rapidly dissipate beyond its flammability range in the open atmosphere. It is important that garages housing gaseous fueled vehicles be properly ventilated. LPG fuel leaks can pose a significant explosion hazard relative to gasoline in enclosed garages. All forms of combustion within these enclosed spaces should be eliminated.

Emergency Response Training for Local Officials

Propane dispensing systems and vehicles powered by the fuel are subject to various labeling requirements of NFPA 704 so that emergency response teams may know what product they are dealing with. Dispensing systems are required to be marked with the four color National Fire Rating System label and are enforced by the local fire agency. The Black Diamond identification label on the back lower right corner of all propane powered vehicles is enforced by the California Highway Patrol. Information regarding labeling requirements can be obtained from the State Fire Marshal, the California Highway Patrol, the Pressure Vessel Unit of the Department of Safety and Health, and/or your local fire agency.

Availability of Technician Training

Propane vehicle equipment installation training has traditionally been available through the retrofit kit manufacturers and distributors. As emissions requirements become more precise, it is important that installers and service technicians are properly trained. The College of the Desert, a California community college, is currently developing an LPG curriculum in conjunction with the State of Oklahoma, the American Society of Advanced Fuels Technology, and the National Propane Gas Association to train automotive technicians and shop supervisors in the particulars and differences between gaseous fueled vehicles and conventional vehicles. This curriculum will include retrofit kit installation techniques and service requirements for both LPG and compressed natural gas powered vehicles. The program is scheduled to be available by October 1995 and promises to be the base training curriculum for gaseous fuel technicians throughout the California Community College system.

Also, the Bureau of Automotive Repair is currently drafting regulations that would require smog inspectors and those testing or repairing LPG vehicles to have an Automotive Service Excellence certification or attend a training program through the Bureau.

LPG Contacts

For more information on LPG availability and pricing and LPG fueling stations, contact:

Propane Vehicle Council
Bob Myers
2102 Business Center Drive, Suite 130
Irvine, CA 92714
(714) 253-5757

National Propane Gas Association
Bill Butterbaugh
4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 340
Arlington, VA 22203
(703) 351-7500

Western Propane Gas Association
Bill Platz
P.O. Box 3068
Paso Robles, CA 93447
(805) 239-0618

Propane Vehicle Council
Rick Roldan
901 15th Street, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 371-6262

Clean Air Vehicle Association
Kent Igleheart
2 Concourse Parkway, Suite 225
Atlanta, GA 30328
(404) 393-7470

Propane Refilling Directory
Western Propane Gas Association
Ron Myron
7844 Madison Avenue, Suite 150
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
(916) 962-2280

For more information regarding LPG code issues, contact:

Local Fire Codes
Office of the State Fire Marshal
B. J. Foster
7171 Bowling Drive, Suite 600
Sacramento, CA 95823
(916) 262-1936

Code-Related Questions
State Building Standards Commission
428 J Street, Suite 450
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 323-6363

National Fire Protection Association
Ted Lemoss
1 Batterymarch Park
P.O. Box 9101
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
(800) 344-3555

For more information regarding LPG health and safety issues, contact:

Propane Vehicle Council
Bob Myers
2102 Business Center Drive, Suite 130
Irvine, CA 92714
(714) 253-5757

National Propane Gas Association
Bill Butterbaugh
4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 340
Arlington, VA 22203
(703) 351-7500

Propane Vehicle Council
Rick Roldan
901 15th Street, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 371-6262

Department of Occupational Safety & Health
Pressure Vessel Unit
P.O. Box 420603
San Francisco, CA 94142
(415) 557-1009

Clean Air Vehicle Association
Kent Igleheart
2 Concourse Parkway, Suite 225
Atlanta, GA 30328
(404) 393-7470

If an emergency occurs dial 9-1-1.

For more information regarding LPG emergency response programs, contact:

National Propane Gas Association
Bill Butterbaugh
4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 340
Arlington, VA 22203
(703) 351-7500

For more information regarding LPG technician training, contact:

Mechanical training for conversion parts
IMPCO
16804 Gridley Place
Cerritos, CA 90703
(310) 860-6666 ext. 135

Fuel handling procedures, engine maintenance
Mutual Propane
17117 South Broadway
Gardena, CA 90248
(310) 515-0553

Fueling installations, mechanics' training, individual sites training
Suburban Propane
Dave Heighton
535 Melrose Avenue
Placentia, CA 92670-6396
(213) 321-2998

Bureau of Automotive Repair
Wayne Brumett
Automotive Service Excellence Cert.
10240 Systems Parkway
Sacramento, CA 95827
(916) 255-1389

College of the Desert
Colin Messer
43-500 Monterey Avenue
Palm Desert, CA 92260-2499
(619) 346-8041

Natural Gas

Fuel Availability & Price

 In general, natural gas supplies are abundant and pipelines for fuel transport and distribution are extensive and adequate. Even under conservative conditions, it is estimated that the recoverable gas resources in the lower 48 states are sufficient to serve the current demand for gas for another 60 to 70 years. Whereas temporary natural gas supply shortages may occur in states that experience extremely cold temperatures in winter, such supply disruptions are unlikely for California and are not considered a concern.

Fuel for natural gas vehicles (NGVs) costs about $0.70 to $1.00 (including a seven cent-per-therm fuel-use tax) when compared to its equivalent of one gallon of gasoline. This price varies according to local natural gas utility service area. The prices charged by natural gas utility companies for natural gas are approved by the California Public Utilities Commission. Non-utilities sell compressed natural gas (CNG) at market prices. Unlike the alcohol fuels, CNG and other alternative fuels (electricity and propane) are not yet subject to road taxes at gasoline-equivalent rates.

Fueling Characteristics & Options

Natural gas fueling facilities generally consist of one or more gas compressors, compressed gas storage tanks, and gas dispensing equipment. Natural gas can be dispensed by either "fast-fill" or "time-fill" systems at both public and private access stations. Fast-fill systems can fuel a vehicle in about the same time as a conventional liquid-fuel dispenser. These systems compress and store the gas until needed.

Time-fill systems compress the natural gas and dispense it directly into NGVs, eliminating the need for storage vessels. These systems require six to eight hours to fuel an NGV and are commonly used by fleets with vehicles that return to a central location and park overnight. The number of vehicles that can be fueled from a time- fill station depends on the size of the compressor, the gas storage capacity of the vehicles, and the desired fill time. NGVs can also be fueled at residential sites with small compressor appliances. The appliance fills the vehicle with gas at a rate that is about the equivalent of one gallon of gasoline per hour.

Two common alternatives for distributing natural gas to fleets are mobile fueling trucks and tube trailers. Mobile fueling trucks fill directly from the pipeline using an on-board compressor dispensing the gas either directly into vehicles or into stationary storage vessels for subsequent time- or fast-fill into vehicles. Tube trailers are filled with CNG at a natural gas fueling station and then driven to other locations for dispensing fuel. Tube trailers can also fast-fill vehicles using a small compressor to increase gas pressure.

As of March 1995, 124 NGV fueling stations existed in California. Some facilities are at regular gasoline service stations through contracts between natural gas utility companies and Chevron, Shell, Texaco and Unocal. A total of 34 more fueling facilities are expected to open in 1995. A listing of CNG fueling stations is shown below and the California Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition is preparing a directory with maps of public CNG stations statewide. (GIF files of the maps will eventually be available on this Internet version.)

Most public facilities are accessed through a commercial cardlock-style fuel card system. Fueling accounts are available through your local natural gas utility company and several non-utility CNG retailers. CNG stations at major oil company sites accept their respective company credit cards or cash.

Natural Gas Fueling Locations in California

Current as of January 1995


NOTE: Not all sites have full public access. Some are private; some have limited public access by arrangement with the local natural gas utility company. Please contact the local utility company in advance regarding specific locations.

Northern California

Anderson
 Anderson Unified
School District

Auburn
 PG&E Service Center
333 Sacramento St.

Avenal
 Avenal State Prison

Bakersfield
 PG&E Service Center
4101 Wibble Road

FleetStar
3305 Gulf Street

Kern High School Dist.
Kern High School

Belmont
 PG&E Service Center
1970 Industrial Way

Buttonwillow
 Elk Hills Naval Reserve

Chico
 City of Chico Yard

Clovis
 1450 Herndon Ave.

Concord
 PG&E Service Center
1030 Detroit Ave.

U.S. Post Office
Concord Branch

Davis
 PG&E Service Center
316 L Street

Fresno
 PG&E Service Center
3224 East California

City of Fresno
2101 "G" St.

Visa Petroleum
2414 Monterey St.

Hayward
 PG&E Service Center
24300 Clawiter Road

Livermore
 PG&E Training Facility
Lawrence Livermore Labs

Modesto
 428 Seventh St

Oakland
 PG&E Service Center
4801 Oakport

City of Oakland
7101 Edgewater Drive

Oroville
 City Corp. Yard
Butte County Yard

Palo Alto
 City of Palo Alto

Paradise
 City Yard

Richmond
 PG&E Service Center
1100 South 27th St.

Sacramento
 PG&E Gas Load Center
Front & ÒTÓ Streets

PG&E Service Center
5555 Florin-Perkins

Shell Oil
6490 Mack Road

PG&E
4420 Alpine Ave.

Salinas
 PG&E Service Center
390 Griffin St.

San Francisco
 PG&E Service Center
3235 18th Street

S.F. International Airport
call 415-598-7367

PG&E
2270 Folsom St.

Sanger
 Gibbs Automated Fuels
3555 So. Academy Ave.

San Jose
 PG&E Service Center
308 Stockton Ave.

San Rafael
 PG&E Service Center
1220 Andersen Drive

San Ramon
 PG&E Tech. Center

Santa Rosa
 PG&E Service Center
3965 Occidental Rd.

South San Francisco
 Olympian Oil
190 E. Grand Ave.

Stockton
 PG&E Service Center
4040 West Lane

PG&E
1001 W. Charter Way

Sunnyvale
 Lockheed

Woodland
 B.C. Stocking
341 Industrial Way



Southern California

Carlsbad
 SDG&E Service Center
5016 Carlsbad Blvd.

Chula Vista
 Chula Vista Ed. Ctr.
84 E. ÒJÓ St.

City of Industry
 UNOCAL
948 S. Alusa Ave.

Compton
 SoCal Gas
700 N. Long Beach Bl.

Corona
 SoCal Gas
414 W. Grand Ave.

Coronado
 SDG&E
Alameda Blvd. & 2nd St.

Covina
 SoCal Gas
534 Barranca Ave.

El Cajon
 UNOCAL
1090 W. Main St.

Encinitas
 Shell
160 Encinitas Blvd.

Escondido
 Shell Oil
780 W. El Norte Pkwy.

Garden Grove
 SoCal Gas
12631 Monarch St.

Glendale
 SoCal Gas Base
5610 San Fernando Rd.

Goleta
 Santa Barbara Public Works
4330 Calle Real

Huntington Beach
 U.S. Postal Service
6771 Warner Ave.

Irvine
 City of Irvine
15029 Sand Canyon Rd.

Lancaster
 670 Avenue L-8

Edwards AFB

Long Beach
 Long Beach Gas Dept.
2400 E. Spring St.

Long Beach Gas Dept.
400 W. Broadway

Los Angeles
 County of L.A.
Internal Service Division
1100 N. Eastern Ave.

SoCal Gas Olympic Base
2424 E. Olympic Blvd.

1540 Santa Fe Ave.

Montebello
 Chevron
1500 Paramount Blvd.

Moreno Valley
 Shell
12301 Heacock

Norwalk
 UNOCAL
14960 Carmenita St.

Ontario
 City of Ontario
1440 Cucamonga Ave.

Otay Mesa
 Texaco
2435 Otay Center Dr.

Oxnard
 SoCal Gas Oxnard Base
1650 Mountain View Ave.

FleetStar Inc.
100 N. Del Norte Bl.

SoCal Gas
1600 Patton Ct.

Pico Rivera
 SoCal Gas
8101 S. Rosemead Bl.

Poway
Poway School Dist.
13626 Twin Peaks Rd.

Rancho Penasquitos
 SDG&E
12849 Rancho Penasquitos Bl.

Riverside
 So. Cal Gas Riverside Base
4495 Howard Ave.

San Bernardino
 County of San Bern.
210 N. Lena Rd.

San Diego
 SDG&E, E. Service Center
6875 Consolidated Way

SDG&E, E. Service Center
175 11th Ave.

SDG&E, E. Service Center
5488 Overland Ave.

SDG&E Service Center
5488 Overland Ave.

San Luis Obispo
 San Luis Obispo USD
78 Prado Rd.

San Pedro
 SoCal Gas
755 W. Capitol Dr.

Santa Maria
 SoCal Gas
2310 S. Meredith Lane

Santa Monica
 SoCal Gas
1701 Stewart Street

Sun Valley
 Southern California MTA
11900 Branford St.

Thousand Palms
 Sunline Transit
32-505 Harry Oliver Trail

Van Nuys
 SoCal Gas Saticoy Base
16645 Saticoy St.

Vista
 UNOCAL
636 Sycamore St.

Westwood
 UCLA
1250 Campus Service



Building, Fire and Electrical Codes

 The design, construction and operating approval process for installing a natural gas fueling facility varies from city to city. Local code enforcers base their approval decisions on their local codes, which are modeled after state and national codes. Codes of interest for natural gas stations include fire, electrical and plumbing codes. The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (CalOSHA) "Unfired Pressure Vessel Article" (Article 7 of Title 8 Safety Orders) is also referenced. CalOSHA's Article 7, written for propane installations, is currently being revised to address issues related specifically to natural gas facilities.

Local officials have the option to deviate from state and local codes as long as the requirements are at least as stringent as the applicable codes. Requirements based on local interpretations or standards and codes can sometimes inhibit or delay facility installation, but are nevertheless part of the process.

Fire marshals use the State Fire Code or their local fire codes in reviewing fueling facilities. Such codes are based on the Uniform Fire Code. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), which makes recommendations to the Uniform Fire Code, is currently in the process of supporting the adoption and integration of NFPA 52: Compressed Natural Gas Vehicular Fuel Systems. NFPA 52 is the American National Standards Institute approved standard that applies to the design and installation of CNG engine fuel systems on all vehicles and the installation and operation of their fueling systems. NFPA 52 is currently undergoing a revision process that is expected to be completed by Summer 1995.

While the long process of code adoption progresses, NFPA 52 serves as a key reference document for fueling station installations. Chapter 4 of NFPA 52, which contains standards for CNG compression, storage, and dispensing systems, covers some key issues as follows:

The following is a list of additional standards related to natural gas fueling.


Health and Safety Considerations

 Natural gas is non-toxic. It can, however, cause asphyxiation if enough oxygen is displaced.

Natural gas is lighter than air. Because of this, if natural gas were to be released or accidentally leaked, it would rapidly disperse. In addition to this, before the gas can actually ignite, it would have to mix with 6 to 16 percent air, which is unlikely. Odorants used in CNG allow its detection before the lower flammability limit has been reached.

Since many fleet operators fuel indoors, some concerns have been raised because natural gas can build up in enclosed areas. Appropriately designed safety features, such as ceiling-level ventilation systems actuated by methane detectors, can prevent natural gas buildup.

The quality of a natural gas fuel system installation is an important safety issue. Reputable system installers now appear to be moving toward standardization and documentation of installations. The installer should provide a documentation package for a given installation that shows component placement and fuel-line routing. Particular attention should be paid to the high-pressure regulator; it should be mounted in a protected position, preferably on the firewall.

Emergency Response Training for Local Officials

Emergency response issues for natural gas comes under the broader category of flammable compressed gases. NGVs require labeling so that emergency personnel are aware of the existence of CNG on-board vehicles. For more information, contact your local fire officials.

Availability of Technician Training

The Bureau of Automotive Repair is currently drafting regulations that would require smog inspectors and those testing or repairing CNG vehicles to have an Automotive Service Excellence certification or attend a training program through the Bureau.

Many junior colleges and private training organizations are expanding their curriculum to include training for alternative fuel vehicle technologies. Original equipment manufacturers offer service training classes for major fleet operators and dealer service personnel. Training will also be provided by private job-training companies and educational institutions. For example, the College of the Desert, a California community college, offers an NGV training curriculum for mechanics. Pacific Gas and Electric is also implementing a comprehensive NGV training program in Northern California that will involve a network of community colleges. This program is targeted at mechanics-in-training and mechanics working in existing fleets, as well as independent mechanics.

Natural Gas Contacts

For more information on natural gas availability and pricing and NGV fueling stations, contact:

American Gas Association
Greg Zilberfarb
1515 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 841-8574

Clean Air Vehicle Association
Kent Igleheart
2 Concourse Parkway, Suite 225
Atlanta, GA 30328
(404) 393-7470

Gas Research Institute
Chuck Ross
8600 W. Bryn Mawr Avenue
Chicago, IL 60631
(312) 399-8176

Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition
Gregory Vlasek
925 L Street, Suite 1485
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 448-5036

PG&E NGV Hotline
(800) 684-4NGV

Southern California Gas
NGV Business Support Service
(213) 244-3763

SDG&E
Howard Levin
8306 Century Park Court
San Diego, CA 92123
(619) 654-1108

City of Long Beach Gas Dept.
Paul Smock
2400 East Spring Street
Long Beach, CA 90806
(310) 595-5316

For more information regarding natural gas code issues, contact:

Local Fire Codes
Office of the State Fire Marshal
B. J. Foster
7171 Bowling Drive, Suite 600
Sacramento, CA 95823
(916) 262-1936

Code-Related Questions
State Building Standards Commission
428 J Street, Suite 450
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 323-6363

Questions About Specific NGV Standards:

International Approval Services
Doris Pincombe or Bob DeRemer
8501 East Pleasant Valley Road
Independence, OH 44131-5575
(216) 524-4990

Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition
Gregory Vlasek
925 L Street, Suite 1485
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 448-5036

NGV & Fire Code Research
National Fire Protection Association
Ted Lemoss
1 Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
(617) 984-7407

American Gas Association
Greg Zilberfarb
1515 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 841-8574

For more information regarding natural gas health and safety issues, contact:

American Gas Association
Greg Zilberfab
1515 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 841-8574

CalOSHA
Consultation Service
455 Golden Gate Avenue, Room 5246
San Francisco, CA 94102
(415) 703-4050

Clean Air Vehicle Association
Kent Igleheart
2 Concourse Parkway, Suite 225
Atlanta, GA 30328
(404) 393-7470

Gas Research Institute
Chuck Ross
8600 W. Bryn Mawr Avenue
Chicago, IL 60631
(312) 399-8176

Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition
Gregory Vlasek
925 L Street, Suite 1485
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 448-5036

If an emergency occurs dial 9-1-1.

For more information regarding natural gas emergency response programs, contact:

Office of the State Fire Marshal
B. J. Foster
7171 Bowling Drive, Suite 600
Sacramento, CA 95823
(916) 262-1936

For more information regarding NGV technician training, contact:

College of the Desert
Colin Messer
43-500 Monterey Avenue
Palm Desert, CA 92260-2499
(619) 346-8041

Bureau of Automotive Repair
Wayne Brumett
Automotive Service Excellence Cert.
10240 Systems Parkway
Sacramento, CA 95827
(916) 255-1389

West Virginia University
Larry McLaughlin
P.O. Box 6064
Morgantown, WV 26506-6064
(304) 293-2867

Northwestern College
Greg Stolly
1441 N. Cable Road
Lima, OH 45805
(419) 227-3141



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